Stephanie'sChapter4

Chapter 4: Matter and Energy in the Web of Life (Pages 77-103)
__Matter and Energy (4.1-4.3 p77-83)__ __ Matter and Energy (4.1-4.3 p77-83) __ Organic Compounds – made of carbon combined with other elements *Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen are common to all living things. Ion – partials with a positive or negative charge Chemical bounds – holds atoms or ions together Synthesis – reaction that makes compounds these take energy making them Endothermic (usually requires in heat). Decomposition – reaction that breaks down compounds these are Exothermic (let off heat). *Chemical reaction usually involves energy Ionization – non-ionic compounds being converted into ions

pH scale – hydrogen ion level of a solution is described by a range of numbers Catalysts – speed the reaction and allow them to occur at a lover temperature. Enzymes – catalysts present in organism *allow chemical reactions to occur at a lower temperate *for enzymes to work as a catalyst they must take part in temporary chemical reactions *after completion of this chemical reaction new molecules break away, leaving the enzymes as they before the reaction *If reaction happens too quickly or at too high of temperature the enzyme will lose it shape and be useless. __ Energy of Life (4.1-4.6 p84-87) __ Chlorophyll – green pigment that gives plant colour. *helps with photosynthesis *bioactivity requires energy *the sun is the beginning of all energy Cellular respiration – a series of chemical reactions that all living cells use to break down food molecules to get their energy *If too much energy is released at once the cells will be destroyed and not useable due to too much heat. *When food molecules are broken down the products are CO 2 and H 2 0. *Sugar + O 2 = CO 2 + energy ATP(adenosine troposphere)- breaks down food so that it can be used ADT (adenosine lithosphere) – makes it so larger amounts of energy can be used. Other Notes: Photosynthesis produce sugar and oxygen · CO 2 + energy = O 2 + sugars __ Biological Molecules (4.7-4.12 p89-98) __ Carbohydrates – organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. (eg: sugar) Lipids – energy-storing compounds (eg: oils and fats) Proteins – organic compound, which is a chain of one or more amino acids Nucleic acids – genetic (hereditary) material for all living organisms *RNA and DNA are types of these acids Fatty acids – chains of carbon and hydrogen with an acid grouping on one end (Fatty acid) Amino acids – the subunit of a protein containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen Polypeptide – long chain of amino acids Active site – specific portion of an enzyme that attracts and holds only certain molecules Substrates – the molecule that the enzyme acts on Enzyme-substrate complex – formed by the combining of molecules combine at the active site Enzyme Decompostion(reverse for Synthesis)



RNA (ribonucleic acid) – hereditary material found in viruses · Take over cells and make them multiply rapidly · Single strand DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – hereditary material found in living organisms *double strand in helix form Nucleotides – the individual subunits RNA and DNA are made of · Nucleotides of RNA have single sugars called ribose · Nucleotides of DNA have a different sugar called deoxyribose because they have less oxygen of that of the nucleotides of RNA __ Life Is Based on Carbon (4.13-4.14 p100-102) __