Rowley's_Bio30_Wiki

Unit 1 Chapter 4 Matter and Energy Unit 2 Chapter 5 Cell
 * 1) Organic compounds- compounds built of carbon combined with other elements. Pg. 77
 * 2) Chemical bonds- the attraction between two atoms resulting from the sharing or transfer of electrons from one atom to another. Pg.79
 * 3) Synthesis- the process of putting together or building up; applicable to ideas, chemical compounds, and so on. Pg. 79
 * 4) Decomposition- the process of taking molecules apart; heat and chemicals are the cheif agents. Pg. 79
 * 5) Ionization- the conversion of a nonionic substance, such as water, into ions. Pg. 79
 * 6) PH scale- a scale from 0 to 14 reflecting the concentration of hydrogen ions; the lower numbers denote acidic conditions, 7 is nuetral, and the upper numbers denote basic or alkaline conditions. Pg. 80
 * 7) Enzymes- a protein or part-protein molecule made by an organism and used as a catalyst in a specific biochemical reaction. Pg. 80
 * 8) Chlorophyll- the green pigments of plants and many microorganisms; converts light energy to chemical energy that is used in biochemical reactions. Pg. 84
 * 9) Carbohydrates- an organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a 2:1 ratio; ex's are sugars and starches. Pg. 101
 * 10) Lipids- a fat, oil, or fatlike compound that usually has fatty acids in its molecular structure; an important component of the plasma membrane. Pg. 89
 * 11) Proteins- an organic compound composed of one or more polypeptide chains of amino acids; most structural materials and enzymes in a cell are proteins. Pg. 89
 * 12) Nucleic acids- DNA or RNA; an organic compound composed of nucleotides and important in coding instructions for cell processes. Pg. 89
 * 13) Polypeptide- a long chain of chemically bonded amino acids. Pg. 92
 * 14) Active Site- the specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate through weak chemical bonds. Pg. 96
 * 15) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Enzyme-substrate complex-
 * 16) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">RNA- ribonucleic acid; the heredity material of certain viruses, and the material coded by the DNA of other cells to carry out specific genetic functions, for example, messenger RNA and transfer RNA. Pg. 97
 * 17) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid; the heredsity material of most organisms, DNA makes up the genes; these nucleic acids contain deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four bases. Pg. 97
 * 18) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Nucleotides- a subunit or building block of DNA or RNA, chemically constructed of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate group. Pg. 97
 * 19) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Photosynthesis- the process by which living cells that contain chlorophyl use light energy to make organic compounds from inorganic materials. Pg. 13
 * 20) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Carbon Cycle- the biogeochemical cycle in which carbon compounds made by some organsims are digested and decomposed by others, releasing the carbon in small inorganic molecules that can be used again by more organisms to synthesize carbon compounds. Pg. 101
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Eukaryotes- an organism whose cells have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles; a protist, fungus, plant or animal. Pg. 110
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Prokaryotes- an organism whose cells do the have a membrane-enclosed organelles, such as nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts; a bacterium. Pg. 110
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Organelles-an organized structure within a cell, with a specific function; a chloroplast and a mitochondria are ex's. Pg. 111
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Plasma Membrane- the membrane at the boundary of every cell that serves as a selective barrier to the passage of ions and molecules. Pg. 116
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Endoplasmic Reticulum- an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells composed of ribosome-studded and ribosome-free regions. Pg. 116
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Golgi Apparatus-an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacked membranes that modifies and packages materials for export from the cell. Pg. 116
 * 7) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Mitochondria- the cell organelles in eukaryotic cells that carry on cellular respiration, releasing energy from food molecules and storing it in ATP. Pg. 117
 * 8) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Nuclear Envelope- double membrane surrounding the nucleus. Pg. 117
 * 9) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Chromosomes- a long, threadlike group of genes found in the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells and most visible during mitosis and meiosis; chromosomes consist of DNA and protein. Pg. 117
 * 10) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Ribosomes- a cell organelle constructed in the nucleus, consisting of two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. Pg. 117
 * 11) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Lysosomes- a cell vesicle that contains digestive enzymes. Pg. 117
 * 12) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Centrioles- one of two structures in animal cells, composed of cylinders of nine triplet microtubules in a ring; centrioles help organize microtubules assembly during cell division. Pg. 117
 * 13) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Chloroplasts- an organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists; contains chlorophyll that absorbs light energy used to drive photosythesis. Pg. 117
 * 14) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Vacuoles- a membrane-enclosed structure in the cytoplasm of a cell or a unicellular organism; different types of vacuoles serve different functions. Pg. 117
 * 15) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Cytoskeleton- a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that run through the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions. Pg. 118
 * 16) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Diffusion- the movement of a substance down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area. Pg. 120
 * 17) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Osmosis- the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Pg. 121
 * 18) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Passive Transport- the diffusion of a substance across and biological membrane by means of a transport protein. Pg. 122
 * 19) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Active Transport- the movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins. Pg. 122
 * 20) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Cell Cycle- an ordered sequence of events in the life of a dividing cell, composed of M, G1, and G2 phases. Pg. 125
 * 21) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Interphase- a normal interval between successive cell divisions when the only evidence of future divisions is that chromosomes begin to be replicated; a cell at work rather than a cell dividing. Pg. 125
 * 22) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Mitosis- the replication of the chromosomes and the production of two nuclei in one cell; usually followed by cytokinesis. Pg. 126
 * 23) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Cytokinesis- the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division. Pg. 126

<span style="background-color: #0000ff; color: #fff600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Chapter 6 Reproduction <span style="background-color: #0000ff; color: #ffff00; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Chapter 7 Development <span style="background-color: #0000ff; color: #fff600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Unit 3 Chapter 8 Heredity <span style="background-color: #0000ff; color: #ffff00; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Chapter 19 (part) Photosynthesis <span style="background-color: #0000ff; color: #ffff00; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Unit 4 <span style="background-color: #0000ff; color: #ffff00; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Chapter 15 Food and Energy <span style="background-color: #0000ff; color: #ffff00; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Chapter 16 Internal Systems <span style="background-color: #0000ff; color: #ffff00; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Chapter 17 Coordination <span style="background-color: #0000ff; color: #ffff00; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Unit 5Chapter 9 Evolution
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Sexual Reproduction-reproduction involving the contribution of genetic material from two parents. Pg. 136
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Gametes- a sex cell, either an egg cell or a sperm, formed by meiosis. Pg. 137
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Asexual Reproduction- any method of reproduction that requires only parent or one parent cell. Pg. 137
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Sperm Cells- a male gamete, usually motile in swimming movements; its motility increases its chance of encountering and fertilizing an egg. Pg. 139
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Fertilization-the union of an egg nucleus and a sperm nucleus. Pg. 140
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Zygote- the diploid product of the union of haploid gametes in conception; a fertilized egg. Pg. 140
 * 7) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Haploid-a cell containing only one member of each chromosome pair characteristic of a species. Pg. 427
 * 8) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Diploid-a cell containing both members of every chromosome pair characteristic of a species. Pg. 140
 * 9) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Meiosis- two successive nuclear divisions that produce gametes(in animals) or sexual spores(in plants) having on-half of the genetic material of the original cell. Pg. 140
 * 10) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Chromatid- one of two strands of a replicated chromosome before their separation during mitosis or meiosis. Pg. 140
 * 11) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Centromere- the specialized region of a chromosome that holds two replicated chromosomal strands together and that attaches to the spindle in mitosis.Pg. 140
 * 12) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Crossing-Over- during prophase I of meiosis, the breakage and exchange of corresponding segments of chromosome pairs at one or more sites along their length, resulting in genetic recombination. Pg. 142
 * 13) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Testes- the primary reproductive organs of a male, sperm cell-producing organs. Pg.146
 * 14) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Ovaries- the primary reproductive organs of a female, egg-cell
 * 15) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Embryo- an organism in its earliest stages of development. Pg. 146
 * 16) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Hormones- a substance, secreted by cells or glands, that has a regulatory effect on cells and organs elsewhere in te body; a chemical messenger. Pg. 147
 * 17) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Feedback System- a relationship in which one activity of an organism affects another, which in turn affects the first, yielding a regulatory balance. Pg. 147
 * 18) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Menstrual Cycle- the female reproductive cycle that is characterized by regularly recurring changes in the uterine lining. Pg. 148
 * 19) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Uterus- a hollow muscular organ, located in the female pelvis, in which the fetus develops. Pg. 148
 * 20) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Hypothalamus- a specialized part of the base of the brain that in humans combines nueron and hormone activity; it links that autonomic nervous system with the endocrine system in regulating many body functions. Pg. 150
 * 21) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Pituitary- endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain, consisting of an antereior and a posterior lobe. Pg. 150
 * 22) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Estrogen- a hormone that stimulates the development of female secondary sexual characteristics. Pg. 150
 * 23) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Progesterone- a female hormone secreted by the corpus leteum of the ovary and by the placenta that acts to prepare and maintain the uterus for pregnancy and to prepare the breasts for lactation. Pg. 150
 * 24) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0000; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Menopause- in human females, the period of cessation of menstruation, usually occurring between the ages of 45 and 50. Pg. 151
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Developement- (1) cell division, growth, and differentiation of cells from embryonic layers into all the tissues and organs of the body, Pg. 159. (2) Later changes with age, including reproductive maturity with its effects on appearance and body function. Pg. 170
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Differentration- specialization, as when developing cells become ordered into certain tissues and organs. Pg. 159
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Cleavage- the process of cell division in animal cells, characterized by rapid cell divisions without growth that occur during early embryonic development and that convert the zygote into a ball of cells. Pg. 159
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Blastula- an animal embryo after the cleavage stage, when a pattern of cell movements toward t he outside of the ball of cells results in a fluid-filled cavity inside. Pg. 159
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Gastrula- an early embryo at the stage when infolding cells from the outside occurs. Pg. 160
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Chorion- an embryonic membrane that surrounds all the other embryonic membranes in reptiles, birds, and mammals. Pg. 166
 * 7) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Placenta- a structure in the pregnant uterus for nourishing a fetus with the mother's blood supply, formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes. Pg. 166
 * 8) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Umbilical Cord- in placental mammals, a tube connecting the embryo with the placenta. Pg. 166
 * 9) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Amnion-a sac or membrane, filled with fluid, that encloses the embryo of a reptile, bird, or mammal. Pg. 167
 * 10) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Fetus- a vertebrate embryo in later stages of development when it has attained the recognizable structural plan and features of its type. Pg. 167
 * 11) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Oncogenes- a gene found in viruses or as part of the normal genome that is crucial for triggering cancerous characteristics. Pg. 172
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Probability- the chance that any given event will occur. Pg. 176
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Dominant- a trait that is visible in a heterozygous organsim. Pg. 180
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Principle of Segregation- during meiosis, chromosome pairs that separate into different gametes such that each of the two alleles for a given trait appears in a different gamete. Pg. 180
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Genotype- the genetic makeup of an organism. Pg. 181
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Phenotype- the expression of a genotype in the appearance or function of a organsim; the observed trait. Pg. 181
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Homozygous- having two identical alleles for a given trait. Pg. 181
 * 7) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Heterozygous- having two different alleles for a given trait. Pg. 181
 * 8) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Hybrids-having different alleles for a given trait, one inhereited from each parent; heterozygous. Pg. 181
 * 9) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Mutations- a chemical change in a gene, resulting in a new allele; or a change in the portion of a chromosome that regulates the gene; in either case the change is hereditary. Pg. 182
 * 10) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Principle of Independent Assortment- the inheritance of alleles for one trait does not affect the inheritance of alleles for another trait. Pg. 197
 * 11) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Codominance- a condition in which both alleles in a heterozygous organsim are expressed. Pg. 198
 * 12) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Multiple Alleles- the existance of several known alleles for a gene. Pg. 198
 * 13) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Multifactorial Inheritance- a pattern of inheritance in which characteristics are determined by at least several genes with a large number of environmental variables. Pg. 199
 * 14) <span style="background-color: #fff600; color: #ff0600; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">X Linked Trait- a trait determined by a gene carried on the X chromosome. Pg. 201