Jenny's+midterm+review

Biology 30 – Midterm __ Chapter 4: __ - Matter and Energy: 1) Basic Chemistry 2) Organic Compounds 3) Synthesis & Decomposition 4) Ionization of water p.79 5) PH Scale 6) Catalysts and Enzymes

- Energy: 1) Photosynthesis 2) Cellular respiration 3) ATP and ADP cycle

- Biological Molecules: 1) Carbohydrates 2) Lipids 3) Proteins 4) Nucleic acids

- Carbon Cycle __ Chapter 5: __ - Cell Structure 1) Cell Theory <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">2) Microscopes <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- light microscope: it can magnify the structures up to 1500 times with fine quality lences, but can only be used to test the small organisms or thin slices large organisms <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- phase-contrast microscope: special type of light microscope that increases the differences in light and dark areas, thus making cell structures more visible <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- electron microscope: it shows cell parts at very high magnifications <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">3) Prokaryotesand <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">Eukaryotes <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">4) Organelles and Membranes

<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- Cell Function <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">1) Metabolism <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">2) Diffusion, Osmosis, Passive and Active Transport <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">3) Cell Cycle <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">4) Mitosis

<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- Specialization & Cancer <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">*as cells become specialized, they take on specific shapes, and their divisions may become more distinctive <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">*replication: each chromisime is double, having replicated during the synthesis phase <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">*in what way might diffusion limit the size of cells? because it takes a long time for substances to diffuse great distances, if a cell is to function well, it cannot be too large <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">*cancer cells grow and divide uncontrollably. if their growth cannot be controlled or the cells are not removed in time, they may cause the death of the entire organism __ Chapter 6: __ - Reproduction <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">1) Sexual or Asexual

- Reproductive Cells <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">1) Gametes, (Sperm and Ova) <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">2) Chromosome Numbers <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">3) Meiosis  - Human Reproduction  <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">1) Gender Differences <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">2) Hormones <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">3) Fertilization, (Birth control)

__ Chapter 7: __ <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- Development <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">1) Zygote, Cell Division, Multi Cellular Organisms <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">2) Cell Differentiation <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">3) Difference in Developmental Environment p.165  · Embryos affected by mothers blood    · Animals developing outside of mother

<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- Cancer __ Chapter 8: __ <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- Genetics <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">1) Genes and DNA <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- the information in genes is stored in the sequence of nucleotide bases that make up DNA. this information, directs all the cell processes involved in the development and function of the organism, including both the reproduction of genes and the effexts of the genes themselves <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- each gene brings about the synthesis of a oarticular protein <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">2) Mendel <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- Mendelian genetics, provided the basis for the modern study of heredity and variation <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- the technique, known as cross-pollination, results in seeds that are the offspringof two plants, not just one <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- Mendel's experiments defined the basic unit of inheritance, but he could provide no information about its physical or chemical nature 3) Biosynthesis and Mutations <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">- changes that can be passed on to offspring are called mutations   4) Sex Linked Traits