Stephanie'sChapter17

__Chapter 17: The Human Animal: Coordination__ __Human Movement__ __17.1 Muscle Contraction Depends on Energy from ATP (p455-p457)__ Skeletal Muscles – move bones and called voluntary muscle

B) each myofibril is made up of protein organized into thick and thin filaments c) thick filaments are composed of a protein called myosin thin filaments are made of another protein called actin they are arranged to overlap in patterns that croscope ||
 * [[image:sketealmuscles.jpg]] || a)the muscle consists of individual fiber, that run the entire length . Each muscle fiber, the equivalent of a muscle cells is made up of many parallel myofibrils

Smooth muscle are found in walls of blood vessels, the digestive tract, and parts of the respiratory tract Cardiac muscles are only found in the heart they contract involuntarily Any muscle contraction starts with a nerve impulse. Muscle contractions also require the presence of calcium ions and energy in ATP form. ATP must regenerate quickly for a muscle contraction to last longer than a second. This happens in 3 ways __17.2 Interaction of Bones, Joints, and Muscles Produces Movement (p458-p460)__ Bones start out as cartilage that is then replaced with bone in some areas of the body the cartilage remains for flexible (like in the rib cage). Joints are places where two bones meet so that movement can occur Ligaments are cords that join tissue to bone Tendons are flexible cords that span joints to allow movement over joints __17.3 Cardiovascular Fitness Depends on Regular Exercise (p460-p461)__ Muscle tone is a state of partial muscle tone (which even at rest is constant in a healthy animal) Cardiovascular fitness is fitness of the lungs, heart and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to cells __The Nervous System__ __17.4 Neurons Transmit Never Impulses (p463, p464)__ Stimulus – a change or signal in the internal or external environment that causes an adjustment or reaction by organism Neurons – a nerve cell; a name usually reserved for nerve cells in animals that have a complex brain and specialized associative motor, and sensory nerves Nerve impulses - a wave of chemical and electrical chages that passesalong a nerve fiber in response to a stumulus Synapse - an open junction between neurons, across which an impulse is transmitted by a chemical messener a neurotramitter Humans have 3 types of neurons: 1.Sensory neurons receive information from the internal and external environments by means of specialized nerve endings call RECEPTORS. These transport messages toward to the brain and spinal cord. 2. Interneuron transmits impulse between neurons 3.Motor neurons transmit impulses that originated in the brain or spinal cord to an effecter (muscle or gland) Never impluses can tracle at speeds greater than 100m/s Neurons need time to recover between each impulse __17.5 The Central Nervous System Coordinates Body Function (p464 – p466)__ Two basic functions of nervous system: The Different Parts of the Nervous System: Two Major jobs of the spinal cord Most interaction that deal with the spine are ones with involuntary responses Cerebrum – the largest portion of the brain in humans and many other animals; controls the higher mental functions such as learning, personality, consciousness, and memory Cerebellum – the part of the brain in vertebrates that is associated with regulation muscular coordination, balance, and similar functions __17.6 The Peripheral Nervous System Transmits Information (p466 – p 468)__ The peripheral nervous system includes all the nerve pathways through which the central nervous system communicates with the rest of the body Sensory neurons take signals to the CNR and motor neurons carry the response back to the muscle or gland that needs to respond The motor neuron part of the PNS can be broke down into the: __The Endocrine System__ __17.7 Hormones Are Chemical Messengers (p469, p470)__
 * They function involuntary
 * 1) Creatine Phosphate – this substance passes energy to ADPs regenerating ATP immediately
 * 2) ATPs are also formed during normal cellular respiration
 * 3) Glycogen the form in which glucose is stored in the liver and muscles, the muscle breaks down the glucose resulting in ATPs
 * 1) To control responses to the external environment
 * 2) Coordinate the functions of internal organs and thereby maintain homeostasis (stability)
 * 1) Central Nervous System (CNS) is composed of the spinal cord and brain. It receives information and decides the responds
 * 2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) communication between the CNS and the rest of the body is provided by the PNS. The PNS includes sensory and motor neurons.
 * 1) Integration of simple responses to certain stimulant
 * 2) Transfer of information to and from the brain
 * 1) Somatic nervous system – carries signals to the skeletal muscles considered voluntary
 * 2) Autonomic nervous system – is consider involuntary coordinate organ function and helps to maintain homeostasis, also helps control blood pressure stomach movements and secretion, urine formation and excretion, body temperature and many other thing